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“Ficta pro veris accipti” --Tacitus The question, I think, should not be, “What are your religious beliefs?”, but rather: “What is true?” Anybody can believe anything, regardless of its truth or not. And one does not have to look very far to realize that there are worldwide efforts of long standing to muddy the waters of truth, often rendering it impossible for some --very often the poor, the deprived, the uneducated-- to know what is and what is not. Look long enough, and you will eventually find people who believe anything and everything. There is a book published by Feral House entitled Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief, whose list of contents gives a good example of what I mean. National Public Radio’s recent series, “What I Believe”, in which listeners were invited to call in and record their various religious beliefs, is another good example of the problems one finds in the current debate. By framing the issue purely in terms of personal opinion, i.e. “What I Believe”, NPR abrogates their commitment to the facts, and instead capitulates to the wide range of individual belief and democratic error. The purpose of the news is to report the facts: sift true from untrue, and draw conclusions. And, unfortunately, all beliefs are not equal when it comes to truth. When it comes to Christianity in particular, one sees a long and consistent pattern of lies, censorship, and deliberate alterations of the historical record. Indeed, Christians themselves have long been aware of this. In one early account of the writing of the New Testament’s gospel of John, for example, called the “Muratorian Fragment”, a “poorly transcribed” text written --according to scholar Bart D. Ehrman-- in “truly awful Latin”, the various glaring alterations in the Christian narrative of salvation are explained away as making “no difference to the faith of believers”: "When his fellow disciples and bishops exhorted him [John], he said, ‘Fast with me for three days, and what will be revealed to any of us, let us tell one another.’ The same night it was revealed to Andrew, one of the Apostles, that they were all to certify but that John should write everything down under his own name. And therefore, though various beginnings are taught in the several books of the gospels, it makes no difference to the faith of believers, since by one guiding Spirit all things are declared in all of them, concerning the nativity, the passion, the resurrection, the life with his disciples, and his double advent, the first in humility and lowliness, which has taken place, and the second in royal power….and glorious, which is to come.” In other words, since the gospels all conform to each other ideologically “concerning the nativity, the passion, the resurrection, etc.”, the deliberate overwriting, alteration, and censorship of previous sources in order to make them conform to this previously-existing dogma simply does not matter. Propaganda seldom gets as simplistic and transparent as this. The truth is, and I think the author of the “Muratorian Fragment” illustrates this very well, Christians do not, and never have, respected the truth very much. The little-known miracle of Jesus levitating between two donkeys, which is (understandably) seldom mentioned by Christians in support of their faith, goes a long way toward explaining the process by which false Christian claims were justified based upon little-understood Hebrew prophecies --as well as illustrating how slipshod and haphazard the Early Christians were with the facts. Mark (11: 1-7) describes how Jesus, riding on a colt, entered into Jerusalem, Mark saying, “And they bring the colt to Jesus, and they cast on him their garments; and he sat upon him.” Matthew, however, alters Mark’s earlier account to make Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem the “fulfillment” of a prophecy in Zechariah. Zechariah, however, reads, “and riding on an ass, even upon a colt the foal of an ass” --and Matthew, apparently not understanding the repetitive nature of Hebrew poetics, makes the mistake of thinking that Zechariah, in his verses, means two separate animals. And so Mark, which originally had Jesus riding on one animal, is altered by Matthew to depict Jesus as riding into Jerusalem upon two animals simultaneously, thus making Jesus ride upon both “a she ass tethered and her colt with her”. So it is that, in Matthew, Jesus’ disciples “brought the ass, and the colt, and put on them their garments; and he sat upon them.” Matthew therefore has Jesus sitting upon the garments on both asses. Perhaps the garments were strung between both animals, and Jesus sat in the middle, either levitating, as was his wont, or being dragged upon the ground. As scholar Frederick Conybeare writes, “if Jesus sat on the clothes, he sat on the asses as well. Here, as often, the revisers [of Mark] were barely honest.” Nor were the alterations of the New Testament limited to the moment of their initial compilation, but rather continued over time, passages being successively altered by scribes and communities to conform to the changing theological tenets of the faith. The text of the epistle I John, for example, was rewritten by later editors to reflect a later belief in the Catholic doctrine of the “Holy Trinity” --this passage, with its “holy witnesses”, then conveniently being cited by later theologians as the source for this belief. The passage, as cited by Jerome, Augustine, and the oldest Gospel manuscripts, originally read: “There are three which bear witness, the spirit and the water and the blood, and the three are one.” The later “holy witnesses” are absent. The altered version of I John (5: 7-8), however, reads: “There are three which bear witness on earth, the spirit and the water and blood, and these three are one in Christ Jesus; and there are three who bear witness in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Spirit, and these are one.” Perhaps the most glaring example of Christian alteration of the historical record, however --if one chooses to ignore the burning of the pagan library at Alexandria by Christian zealots, who were attempting to erase the whole of human history before “Christ”-- are the various alterations to be found in the writings of the Jewish historian Josephus, particularly the passages regarding the common Jewish belief that Jerusalem was destroyed in retribution by God for the death of James the Just, Jesus’ brother. Josephus’ account of Jerusalem being destroyed due to the death of James the Just was noted by some of the earliest Christian historians, for whom this fact caused considerable embarrassment. Origen writes: “This James was of so shining a character among the people, on account of his righteousness, that Flavius Josephus, when, in his twentieth book of the Jewish Antiquities, he had a mind so set down what was the cause why the people suffered such miseries, till the very holy house was demolished, he said that these things befell them by the anger of God, on account of what they had dared to do to James, the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ: and wonderful it is, that while he did not receive Jesus for Christ, he did nevertheless bear witness that James was so righteous a man.. He says farther, that the people thought that they suffered these things for the sake of James.” Elsewhere, Origen goes on to cite the missing passage from Josephus itself: “The same Josephus also, although he did not believe in Jesus as Christ, when he was inquiring after the cause of the destruction of Jerusalem, and of the demolition of the Temple, and ought to have said, that their machinations against Jesus were the cause of those miseries coming on the people, because they had slain the Christ, who was foretold by the prophets, he, though as it were unwillingly, and yet as one not remote from the truth, says; ‘These miseries befell the Jews by way of revenge for James the Just, who was the brother of Jesus, that was called Christ, because they had slain him who was a most righteous person.’ Now this James was he whom that genuine disciple of Jesus, Paul, said he had seen as the Lord’s brother, which relation implies not so much nearness of blood, or the sameness of education, as it does the agreement of manners and preaching. If, therefore, he says the desolation of Jerusalem befell the Jews for the sake of James, with how much greater reason might he have said, that it happened for the sake of Jesus?….”
Notice the logic here: if James’ preaching was the same as Jesus’ preaching, then Josephus “may as well have said” that the destruction of Jerusalem was due to the death of Jesus, who was “the Christ”. But Josephus didn’t say that. He said that Jerusalem was destroyed because of the death of James, who “was a most righteous person”. And by altering the basic sense of what Josephus said, Origen is also altering the sense of an original Jewish tradition: namely, that a “righteous” person, a so-called “pillar”, can act as a “bulwark” to save the people from God’s wrath. When James, whose nicknames included “the bulwark” and “the pillar”, was killed, this “pillar” was removed, and God was enabled to destroy Jerusalem. Clearly, this tradition predates the later Christian tradition which says that Jerusalem was destroyed because “the Jews” killed “the Christ”, since Origen is countering a pre-existing argument which conflicts with later Christian theology. History is being altered to bolster a later Christian theological tenet. As scholar Robert Eisenman observes in his book, James, the Brother of Jesus: “Of course, one man’s logic is another’s unreason. It may seem to Origen reasonable to attribute such catastrophes to the death of Jesus Christ, which according to official church documents occurred some forty years before. But Josephus, who lived through the events in question, said, according to Origen and Eusebius, that the majority of Jews attributed these catastrophes to another event --the death of James. "This would be a far more logical attribution, since the death of James occurred, if Josephus can be relied on upon, in 62 CE, about seven and a half years before the appearance of the Roman armies before Jerusalem and the final destruction of the city in 70 CE… …To have attributed the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple to Jesus’ death, except retrospectively, would be something like people today attributing the Second World War to the assassination of President McKinley or the election of Theodore Roosevelt to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.” (398) As for what I, myself, personally believe, that is hardly to the point. As I have said, I could believe anything. It is what a person does not believe, I think, which is truly important. And though Christians often label their critics “skeptics”, this is a misnomer, as you’ll never find that I am skeptical as regards the truth. With regard to lies, of course, you’ll find I am very skeptical: but one should not call this distrust of lies “skepticism”. Rather call it, a confidence in the truth. My own personal feeling, however, if it is relevant at all, is that the deification of Jesus which we see in the gospels is no different from that other , equally well-known deification of men which was a familiar feature of the Roman period --the Roman Caesars and emporers being regarded as God-kings, or demi-gods on earth. What Paul simply did was to transfer this typical aspect of the period from Roman royalty to an unknown Jew, adapting Jewish Messianic ideas regarding “perfection” and “Righteousness” to a Roman context. And indeed, we would naturally expect that Paul, being both a Roman citizen and a Jew, would be peculiarly qualified to make this theological leap between the two cultures. The unusual thing is not that Roman converts regarded this “Jesus”as a God, but rather that this peculiarly Roman notion of a God-king, or Christ Pantocrator, has persisted even unto the present day. Even on its own terms, Christianity makes absolutely no sense at all. Indeed, it never seems to have occurred to Christians today the extent to which their worship of a dead man’s body and blood is a violation of those supposed “Ten Commandments” which Jesus was supposed to fulfill, and which begin with “Yahweh” saying, “You shall not have other gods beside me.” One cannot worship Jesus as God without violating the Ten Commandments at the same time. Why should “God” be supposed to have an “only-begotten son” at all? Why not two sons? Why not a daughter? Why not an entire brood of children, in all ages and climes, with a house and a family business to go along with them? We could call them the “pantheon”, and they could make their home….on Mount Olympus. One can only imagine, too, what Jesus, a pious and religiously-orthodox Jew, would think today if he but knew that his graven image were to be found dangling just above the breasts of thousands of crucifix-wearing young women --or what he would do if he were but conscious of the various and complicated entanglements which must necessarily ensue from such a dangerous and compromising proximity….. The Last Temptation of Christ, indeed!
"There are no hereditary kings in America and no powers not created by the Constitution."--US District Judge Anna Diggs Taylor in her ruling against the Bush administration’s warrantless surveillance program "My French is poor, but my heart is rich. I love France- the art-making, art-loving, and art-supporting people of France." -David Lynch
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